KHAWVEL
Khawvel Len lam: Hetia han thlir mai chuan, khawvel hi a parh duai a, a phek emaw tih tur a ni a. Nimahsela, khawvel hi a phek lova, a mum zawk a, mum pial lovin, Serthlum pian deuh hian a awm a ni.
Thil mum lenzawng an teh dawn chuan, a laia hawlh tlang thui lam emaw, a pum vet len lam emawin an teh ṭhin a. Chutiang chuan khawvel len lam pawh hi teh a ni a.
Chhim tawp leh Hmar tawp hawlh tlang (Polar diameter) sei lam chu Km 12,714 a ni a,
Chhak leh thlang zawnga hawlh tlang (Equitorial diameter) sei lam chu Km 12,756 a ni.
Chhim leh hmar zawnga khawvel pum vet len lam (Polar Circumference) chu
Km sing 4 leh 89 a ni a,
Chhak leh thlang zawnga khawvel pum vet len lam (Equitorial Circumference) chu
Km sing 4 leh 75 (40,075 km) a ni.
Khawvel hi hel chhuah tum ta la, darkar khata Km 5 thleng hman khawpa chakin kal reng thei ta la, chhun lamah darkar 12 kalin zan lamah chawl ṭhin ta la, hapta khatah ni khat zel chawl ṭhin ta bawk la, i helna kawng pawh chu ngil leh mam ṭha parh ni ta sela, khawvel vawi khat hel chhuak turin kum 2 leh chawlhkar 7 chuang zet i thang a ngai dawn a ni.Khawvel zau lam: Khawvel pumpui, a pawnlang zau lam chu square kilometer maktaduai 510 chuang a ni a.
Khawvel rih lam: Khawvel rih lam chu, ton tluklehdingawn 59,720 vel a ni. A leilung rih lam chawhrualin, cubic feet khatah, Kg 17 leh gram 200 anga rit a ni.
A vir chak lam: Khawvel hi darkar 23 leh minute 56 leh second 4.09054-ah vawi khat a vir chhuak ziah ṭhin a. Chhim tawp leh hmar tawp inkar lai tak, Equator-ah hian, darkar khata Km 1,680 tluka chakin a vir a ni.
Ni a hel chak lam: Khawvel hian ni hi kum tinin vawi khat a hel chhuak ziah ṭhin a, a helna kawngah hian darkar khatah Km nuai 1 leh sang 6 chuanga chakin a thlawk fur fur mai a ni. Ri kal chak lam let 85 chuangin a thlawk tihna a nih chu.
Ni 365 leh darkar 5 leh minute 48 leh second 45.51-ah vawi khat chiah ni a hel chhuak ṭhin a ni.
Khawvela Tui leh vur tam lam:
Tuifinriat zau lam: Tuifinriat zau lam chu sq. km maktaduai 360 a ni a, chu chu khawvel pumpui zau lam zaa 71 a ni.
Tuipui thuk lam: Tuifinriat aia zau leh thuk zawk chu Tuipui a ni a. Tuipui zawng zawng thuk lam chu chawhrualin meter 3,700 a ni.
Tuipui: Tuipui tam lam chu, cubic kilometer maktaduai 1,300 a ni.
Vur: Khawvel chhim tawp leh hmar tawpah hian vur a tam em em mai a, chung vur tam lam chu, cubic kilometer nuai 35 lai a ni.
Dil: Dil lian tak taktea tui tam lam chu, cubic kilometer nuai 2 leh sing 5 vel a ni a.
Lei chhung dil: Lei chhungah pawh hian dil a lo awm teuh mai a. Chung dila tui awm tam lam chu, cubic kilometer nuai 2 leh sing 5 vel a ni a.
Lui leh luipui: Lui leh luipui tea tui tam lam chu, cubic kilometer sing 5 vel a ni a.
Dum, Dil, Tuikhur: Dum te, dil te te, tuikhur leh tuihna put tea tui awm tam lam chu, cubic kilometer sang 6 vel a ni a.
Snow: Sap-in snow an tih mai, vur tla ṭhin tam lam chu, cubic kilometer 250 vel a ni a.
Kum tina boruaka tuihu chho tam lam chu:
Tuifinriat leh tuipui aṭangin, cubic kilometer nuai 4 sing 4 leh sang 8 vel a chho va,
Khawmual aṭangin, cu. km sing 7 a chho bawk a.
A vaiin, kum tina boruaka tuihu chho hi, cu. km nuai 5 sing 1 leh sang 8 vel a ni a.
Kum tina khawvela ruah leh vur lo tla tam lam chu:
Tuifinriat leh tuipuiah, cubic kilometer nuai 4 sing 1 leh sang 2 vel a sur a,
Khawmualah, cubic kilometer nuai 1 leh sang 6 vel a lo sur bawk a,
A vaiin, kum tina ruah leh vur lo tla hi, cu. km nuai 5 sing 1 leh sang 8 vel bawk a ni.
Khawvel Pawn Boruak: Khawvel pawn lam boruak hi a hlawm lian deuhvin chi 5-in an then a:
- Troposphere, kan chen velna aṭanga km 10 thlenga sang hi a ni.
- Stratosphere, km 10 aṭanga 50 inkar vel hi a ni.
- Mesosphere, km 50 aṭanga 100 inkar vel hi a ni a. He boruakah hian Ozone an tih boruak chi khat pawh a tel a. Ozone chu, ni aṭanga lo kal Ultraviolet radiation lo hip botu a ni.
- Thermosphere, km 100 aṭanga 500 inkar vel hi a ni.
- Exosphere, km 500 vel chung lamah a awm a ni.
[source Ultimate Visual Dictionary]
THLA
Van boruaka thil mum lian ve tak, planet heltu hi thla a ni a. Sap chuan satellite an ti a, moon te pawh an ti bawk a ni. Kan ni heltu Planet zawng zawng hian thla an nei vek lem lo va, planet paruk chauhvin an nei a ni. Planet ṭhenkhat chuan thla tam tak an nei a ni.
Kan khawvel thla hi han zir chiang deuh bik ta ila, a awlsam zawngin “Thla” tiin kan sawi mai ang.
Thla leh khawvel inhlat lam hi a ngai reng lo va. A inhlat ber laiin, Km nuai 4 sang 6 leh 711 a ni a, chu chu 1912 kumah khan a ni a, a inhnaih lai berin Km nuai 3 sing 5 sang 6 leh 375 a ni a, 1984 kum khan a ni. Km sing 5 chuang zen zawnin a hlat lam a insawn ve dawrh dawrh ṭhin tihna a nih chu. Chawhrualin Thla hlat lam chu Km 384,403 a ni.
Thla len lam: Thla hi a laia hawlh tlangin Km 3,475.6 a ni.
A lum lam: Thla chungah hian, a lum berna hmunah celsius degree 132 a ni a, a vawh berna hmunah celsius degree -184 a ni.
Eng a kah let en lam: Thla hian eng a dawn zaa pasarih chauh khawvelah a kah let leh a ni.
Thla bial inkar rei lam: Thla bial aṭang thla bial leh thleng hi ni 29 leh darkar 12 leh minute 44 leh second 2.8 a ni.
A vir chak lam: Thla hi a vir ve tho va, vawi khat a vir chhuah leh khawvel vawi khat a hel chhuah hun chhung hi a inan chiah avangin, a pangkhing lehlam chauh hi kan hmu reng ṭhin a ni. Vawi khat a vir chhuah nan chuan Ni 27 leh darkar 7 leh minute 43 leh second 11.5 a ni.
Thla Leilung
Khuar zau pui pui, a lai hawlh tlanga km 85 (mel 53) laia zau te a awm a.
Tycho khuar
He khuar, tlang pawng kualin a hual pup mai hi khawvel aṭang pawh a hmuh theih a. A bang sang pui mai chu km 4.5-a sang, a lai hawlhtlang km 85 (mel 53) laia zau a ni.
Thlaa Lawn
Thlaa lawn hmasa ber chu Neil Armstrong leh Edwin 'Buzz' Aldrin te an ni a, 1969 kumah Apollo 11 hmangin an lawn a ni. A hnuah chuan vawi 5 lai an lawn leh tawh a ni.
Thlaah hian khawvel angin boruak thianghlim hip tur a awm ve lo a, oxygen pai loh chuan thih a ni mai.
PLANET
Planet tih chu: van boruaka thil mum lian tak, ni heltu a ni. He khawvel pawh hi ni heltu planet pariat zinga pakhat a ni ve a ni. Planet tam zawk chu kan khawvel aia lian lian te an ni a. Kan khawvel hi, ni aṭanga a hlat lamah a pathumna a ni.
Planet pa 8 leh Dwarf planet 5 an awm a. Planet pa 8 chanchin lo tarlang phawt ila:
|
Hming |
Hla |
Vet |
Rit |
Lian |
Hel (tehna) |
Vir (tehna) |
Thla |
Pawn |
Chhung |
||
|
Mercury |
57.90918 |
4878 |
0.06 |
0.06 |
87.969 |
days |
58.6462 |
days |
- |
166.86 |
|
|
Venus |
108.2089 |
12103.6 |
0.81 |
0.86 |
224.701 |
days |
243.0187 |
days |
- |
456.85 |
|
|
Earth |
149.6 |
12756 |
1 |
1 |
365.3 |
days |
23.93 |
hours |
1 |
|
|
|
Mars |
227.9 |
6786 |
0.11 |
0.15 |
687 |
days |
24.62 |
hours |
2 |
|
|
|
Jupiter |
778.3 |
142980 |
318 |
1323 |
11.86 |
years |
9.93 |
hours |
79 |
|
|
|
Saturn |
1427 |
120540 |
95.2 |
752 |
29.46 |
years |
10.66 |
hours |
82 |
|
|
|
Uranus |
2871 |
51120 |
14.5 |
64 |
84.01 |
years |
17.24 |
hours |
27 |
|
|
|
Neptune |
4497 |
49530 |
17.1 |
54 |
164.8 |
years |
16.11 |
hours |
14 |
|
|
kv = khawvel
Pluto hi tun hma chuan planet pa 9-naah an dah ṭhin a, tunah erawh chuan Dwarf Planet-ah an dah tawh a ni.
Dwarf Planet-te
Planet pangngai pa 8 bakah planet té (Dwarf planet) pa 5 an awm a.
Dwarf planet-te chu hengte hi an ni:
Kan khaikhinna tur kum leh ni hi he kan chenna khawvel kum leh ni a ni. Ni aṭanga a hlat dan indawtin, a hnai bera ṭanin lo ziak ta ila.
|
No. |
Hming |
Hlat lam |
Awmna |
Diameter |
Revolution |
Rotation |
Thla |
Hmuh kum |
|
1. |
Ceres |
4.137×108 |
Asteroid |
952.4 km |
4.6 yr |
9.1 hr |
- |
1801 |
|
2. |
Pluto |
5.874×109 |
Kuiper |
2302 km |
247.9 yr |
6.39 d |
5 |
1930 |
|
3. |
Haumea |
6.452×109 |
Kuiper |
1436 km |
281.9 yr |
3.9 hr |
2 |
2003 |
|
4. |
Makemake |
6.850×109 |
Kuiper |
1420 km |
305.34 yr |
22.5 hr |
- |
2005 |
|
5. |
Eris |
10.12×109 |
Kuiper |
2326 km |
561.4 yr |
25.9 hr |
1 |
2003 |
NI (ARSI)
Ni hi kan Solar System lai taka arsi pakhat a ni a. Khawvel anga leilung sak ang a ni ve lo va, thil tui sa lutuk angin a awm a ni. Planet, dwarf planet, asteroid, kuiper, comet te zawng zawng hian an hel a, he kan chenna khawvel ngei pawh hian a hel a ni.
Ni satzia
Scientist-te chuan, Ni hi – gas zang tak tak chi 2 (Hydrogen 75% leh Helium 23%) leh thil dang inpawlh, alh hluah hluah a ni an ti a, a alh inhlap san lam chu Km nuai 10 te a tling a ni.
- Ni pawnlang sat lam = 5600°C
- Ni chhungril sat lam = 15,700,000°C
vel a nih rin a ni.
Thir hi, 1535°C-ah a tui thei chauh va. Ni pawn lam pawh chu thir tui theihna let 3.6 chuangin a sa tawh a. A chhungril phei chu thir tui theihna let sing 1 chuangin a sa a nih chu.
Ni hian second tinin hydrogen ton maktaduaih 4 a kang ral hum hum ang a ni a, mahse, kum maktaduaih 5000 chhung enna la pe chhuak thei tur khawpin gas a la ngah tawk a ni.Ni lenzia
Ni hi a lian em em a, a chhungah hian khawvel anga lian hi nuai 13 lai a leng a ni. A lai hawlh tlang len lam chu Km 1,391,940 a ni. Ni hi, a chungah car-a tlan hual theih ni ta sela, darkar khata Km 100-a chakin, chhun zan zawmin tlan ta ila, ṭum khat tlan hual tur pawhin, kum 5 zet tlan a ngai dawn a ni.
Ni hi a alh ve hluah hluah reng a, a alh inhlap san lam hi Km nuai 10 te a tling a ni.
Ni hlatzia
Ni hi kan khawvel aṭangin Km maktaduai 150 vel (km 149,597,893)-a hla a ni a. A hlatzawng i hriat thiam nan chuan, heng laia chak tak taka Bike tlan viai viai ṭhin anga chak hian, i pian hlim aṭangin ni lam panin, chhun zan zawmin thlawk chho ta la. Upa tak, lu ṭuak vek, kum 100 mi i nih pawhin, i kalkawng hmun 3-a ṭhen hmun 1 pawh i la thleng lo vang. Chuti khawpa hla aṭang chuan ni chu kum tinin vawi 1 i hel chhuak ziah ṭhin a ni. Hetia i awm mai mai lai hian, chak takin, darkar khata Km 106,000 chuang zeta chakin khawvel hian ni helin a thlawhpui fia fia mai che tihna a nih chu.
Ni eng leh thla eng khaikhinna: Ni hi thla let nuai 4-in a eng zawk a ni.
History
Greek-ho chuan Ni hi 'helios' an ti. Rom-ho chuan 'sol' an ti.
Middle Ages hun thleng khan, ni hian khawvel hi a hel niin an ngai. Kum za bi 16-naah khan Nicholas Copernicus chuan, Khawvel hian Ni khi a hel zawk a ni, a ti. Mahse, ani hi khawvelin ni a hel tih ring hmasa bertu a ni lo a, Greek mi fing Aristarchus chuan a hma kum 2000 dawn laiah khan a lo ring tawh a ni. Copernicus-an Solar System a thlir dan hi kum tam tak chhung, Newton-an laws of motion a hmuh chhuah hma zawng kha chuan hnawl a ni.
Arsi hnai ber: Kan Nî baka arsi kan hnaih ber chu Proxima Centauri tiin a hming an vuah a, 1915 kum khan an hmu chhuak a. Khawvel aṭangin light year 4.244 (Km tluklehdingawn 40,000 chuang)-a hla a ni. Arsi hnai dang chu Rigil Kentaurus (Alpha Centauri A leh B) chu kan awmna aṭangin eng kum 4.35-a hlaah an awm. Alpha Centauri A leh B te hi an inhlat lo khawp mai a, kan Khawvel leh Ni inhlatzawng let 23 chauhvin an inhlat a ni; chu chu Ni leh Uranus inkar hlatzawng ang lek deuhthaw a ni.
Arsi dang hre duh tan: astro.wisc.edu, space.com
SOLAR SYSTEM
Solar System chu ni leh a heltu planet pariat leh dwarf planet panga leh anmahni heltu thla te, simeikhu te, lung te leh thil dang ni heltu awm vete sawina a ni a.
Ni leh a heltu planet te leh an helna kawng len lam chu, a laia hawlh tlangin Km tluklehdingawn 13 vel a ni a.
He Solar System hian, a awmna galaxy lairil hel chhuah nan, kum maktaduai 200 a ngai a ni.
GALAXY
Milky Way: Kan awmna galaxy hming chu Milky Way a ni a. Zanah van lam han thlir la, Thlasik Kawng kan tih mai kawlkil hawlhtlanga paw deuh ruih mai i hmu ang a, chu chu arsi leh planet leh thil dang tam tak an ni a, kan awmna galaxy a ni. Kan awmna Milky Way galaxy-ah hian arsi tluklehdingawn 100 aṭanga 200 vel a awm niin an chhut a, chung zinga pakhat chu kan kan Nî hi a ni.
Arsi hlatzawng teh dan: Arsi hlatzawng te, Galaxy lenzawng te teh tur hian va kal kher a ngai lo va, hmun hla taka thil awm len lam hi heta tangin a teh theih mai a, kan khawvel aṭangin an teh mai zel a ni.
Chutianga arsi hlatzawng leh galaxy len lam te teh tur chuan Km leh mel te mai chuan a tam lutuk dawn a, chuvangin, a tehna atan engin kum khat chhunga a thlen thui theih lam hi an hmang ṭhin a, chu chu Light year an ti a ni.
Light year
Eng thlen chak lam (Speed of Light)
Eng hi a kal chak hle a, second khat chhung lek pawhin km nuaih 3 deuhthaw (2,99,792.458 km) a thleng hman a, khawvel hi second khat chhungin vawi 7 chuang zet hel chhuak hman ang a ni. Eng tluka chakin kal ta vang vang ila, kum khat chhunga kan thlen thui lam chu light year khat an ti a ni.
A Km zawng chuan, light year 1 chu, Km tluklehdingawn 9,460 (9,460,528,404,879.3588126 Km) chuang a ni.
Eng tluka chakin kal ta ila,
- second 1 chhungin khawvel hi vawi 7.48 chuang kan hel hman ang a,
- thla hi second 1 chuang hretah kan thleng ang a,
- ni hi minute 8 leh second 17-ah kan thleng ang a,
- Pluto thleng tur chuan, darkar 5 leh minute 20 kal a ngai ang a,
- arsi hnai ber thleng turin, kum 4 leh ni 80 kal a ngai ang a,
- mit lawnga Nî kan hmuh phak tawh lohna hmun thleng turin, kum 60 kal a ngai ang a,
- kan awmna galaxy, "Milky Way" an tih-a arsi hla ber thleng turin, kum sing 6 leh sang 2 leh 700 kal a ngai ang a,
- mit lawnga arsi kan hmuh theih zinga hla ber thleng turin, kum nuai 23 leh sang 9 kal a ngai ang a,
- mihringten thil awm kan hriat hlat ber thleng turin, kum tluklehdingawn 15 kal a ngai ang.
Kan awmna galaxy, Milky Way an tih len lam chu, a laia hawlh tlangin light year nuai khat a tling a ni. A awmzia chu, kan khawvel awmna galaxy hi, a tawp aṭanga a tawp lehlam thlengin kal tum ta ila, eng tluka chakin thlawk ta ila, kum nuai khat kan kal hunah kan thleng chauh dawn a nih chu.
Quasar: Radio chakna (radio energy) tam tak pe chhuak ṭhin galaxy te hi Quasars tiin an vuah a, galaxy eng ber berte an ni.
Galaxy zinga eng ber: The Large Magellanic Cloud an ti a, khawvel chhim lam aṭang chauhvin a hmuh theih a, a len lam a laia hawlh tlangin light year sing 3 leh sang 9 a ni a, khawvel aṭanga light year nuai 1 leh sing 7-a hlaah a awm a ni.
Galaxy lian ber: Abell 2029 a ni a, a len lam diameter chu light year maktaduai 5 leh nuai 6 a ni a, kan awmna galaxy diameter let 80-in a lian a ni. A hlat lam chu light year maktaduai 1070 a ni.
Galaxy hnai ber, tuna kan awmna galaxy ni si lo chu The Sagittarius Dwarf a ni a, 1994 kumah an hmu chhuak a, khawvel aṭanga a hlat lam chu light year sing 7 a ni.
Mit lawnga hmuh theih galaxy hla ber: Andromeda Galaxy an ti a, light year nuai 23 leh sang 9-a hla a ni a, chu galaxy-ah chuan arsi tluklehdingawn 300 a awm a ni.
Galaxy hla ber: Galaxy an hmuh chhuah tawh zinga hla ber chu, light year tluklehdingawn 15-a hla a ni.
UNIVERSE
Universe awmzia: Thil te ber, proton te neutron te, electron te aṭanga thil lian ber ber, kan chenna khawvel te, Solar System te, Galaxy zawng zawng te hi a vai hian van boruak (Universe) chhunga awm an ni a.
An vir vel dan: Thla hian planet an hel a, Planet chuan ni an hel a, ni leh a heltu planet te hi Solar System an tih chu a ni a. Solar System chuan an awmna galaxy lairil an hel a, galaxy te hi an vir tihna a nih chu.
Galaxy tam lam: Arsi chanchin zirmi (Astronomers) te chuan Universe-ah hian Galaxy tluklehdingawn 100 vel awmin an ring a ni.
A zau zel: Tin, galaxy te hi universe chhungril aṭangin a darh zau zawngin, an tawlh theuh va, an inhlat tial tial a ni. ‘Van boruak hi a zau tial tial’ pawh a tih theih ang chu. Amaherawhchu, a zau zel dawn nge, an rawn let khawm leh dawn tih erawh chu mi thiamten an hre lo a ni.
Pathian ropuizia: Nimahsela, mi tumahin van boruak zau lam hi an hre tak tak lo a ni. Hengte hian Pathian ropuizia a tilang chiang hle a ni.
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